Prison Food Essay Example for Free

Prison Food Essay According to Faulkner (136-137), the need for correctional institutions to rehabilitate offenders has been highlighted by the increasing cost of operations as well as recidivism statistics indicating that majority of offenders escalate in crimes committed and the lack of social participation or integration released offers are able to attain upon release (Hepburn Griffin, 57-59). This perspective suggests that rehabilitation is linked to offenders’ productive and social potential. At the same time, Holmes (9) believes that the relationships and competencies developed by the offender during incarceration can serve as foundation for social reintegration and long-term rehabilitation. Thus many correctional facilities such as the Northeastern Correctional Center, have undertaken programs that are designed to better equip offenders upon their release by engaging them in the institutions’ kitchen crew (Terris). Their objective is not only educating inmates in the food trade industry for possible employment but also to reinforce social bonds and self-development (Hepburn Griffin, 63-66). Background Terris points out that the programs is neither novel nor unique to the Northeastern Correctional Center. However, unlike general kitchen duties, inmates mentored in the institution’s Fife and Drum restaurant based on methods from the Culinary Institute of America by its head chef Eddie Jacobs. When the program started in 1983, the objective was to educate participants in the preparation of economical meals but since then has evolved into popular and even fine dining cuisine. Furthermore, according to the program’s managers, participation in the program provides participants practical and commercial skills that have stable demand and daily applications. The program has had achieved success both from the perspective of prison administrators and inmates. According to the former, the programs do not only engage significantly the interest of participating inmates but has also been enhancing the responsiveness and participation of non-participating inmates in existing programs. Terris also relates insights from participating inmate Idris Forde: Forde believes that his in working in the Fife according to â€Å"real world† scenarios reinforces the value of work as well as their role in the operation of an enterprise and in turn, their ability to become productive and benefits not only the Northeastern Correctional Center but also all other stakeholders of the institution. Evaluation According to Currie (185-187), studies of repeat offenders, return to criminal behavior is inversely related to the level of social integration and productivity upon reentry to society. Thus, establishment of programs enhancing inmates’ competency, productivity and social participation have the potential of decreasing the risks of recidivism. This opinion is also supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Their research indicated that the use of social reinforcement, whether in the form of social exclusion, direct support or mentoring and competencies or skills development, decreases susceptibility to criminal behavior by increasing the personal and social risks of re-incarceration. There is no doubt that there has been greater realization of the role of correctional facilities in rehabilitation, which in contemporary perspectives implies successful reintegration and limiting recidivism. However, it should also be noted that undertaking such a program has also significant challenges. In the case of the Northeastern Correctional Center, their relatively small population and their prison classification, allow for better margins for such programs. In the case of high-risk facilities which may be in lockdown except for a few hours a day, implementing the program is unlikely. Furthermore, the availability of instructors or mentors for the programs is also a consideration. Moreover, prison programs and objectives have to be evaluated if they are consistent with such perspectives. Otherwise, such penal reforms can not be effectively applied or implemented as an operational directive for correctional institutions. Recommendations One of the first tasks to establish the significance of the success of the Fife program is to compare its level of success to similar programs in other correctional or rehabilitation facilities. A range to determine the degree of effectiveness has to also be established to map the competency or effectiveness of the programs. The next task is to identify the common components or strategies of the best programs which can then be utilized to compose requirements for programs that are to be developed. Regardless of the content, there should be sensitivity towards the constraints of implementation based on prison population, modality of offenses and psychiatric evaluation. Ironically, there should also be realization that despite the level of input or statistical relevance of programs outlines or requirements, there is still a need for frequent sensitivity analyses to accommodate the variety of stakeholders and degree public concern afforded such initiatives. In conclusion, despite the level of success that the Northeastern Correctional Center has achieved in its kitchen program, there is still a need to evaluate its long term effectiveness and level application efficiency to determine the critical components for wider application and implementation.

Free Essays - Psychological Analysis of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown :: Free Essay Writer

Psychological Analysis of Young Goodman Brown Most of the works can be analyzed by one of the three critical approaches: traditional, formalistic or psychological approach. When it comes to Young Goodman Brown (by Nathaniel Hawthorne), I think that psychological approach is the best one to use. The story is all about the three components of our unconscious (id, ego and superego) and the constant battle among them. It is true that psychological approach has its flaws. It was criticized unjustly for those flaws. The greatest limitation lies in its "aesthetic inadequacy." It also suffered because many critics of this approach tend to push their thesis overboard. However, the other two approaches have inadequacies of their own. The formalistic disregards the sociological and historical aspects of the related work. The traditional neglects the structure of the work itself. We could easily use the historical and the moral approaches, but we cannot get inside of the story and analyze it. Young Goodman Brown is a perfect character for the psychological approach. One can examine his mind and the three components of the unconscious. All three of those are represented in the story. Id is the one that stands out. In the beginning, Brown's id wins a battle over ego and superego when Young Goodman Brown decides to leave his wife Faith in order to meet the Devil. Even though he fears his actions, Goodman Brown goes along with his plan. He wants to fulfill his inner desires (or as Freud calls it: the pleasure principle) no matter what. It is interesting that Freud identifies the id with the Devil himself. Hawthorne uses Young Goodman Brown who is driven by his id to get to the Devil. Once Brown encounters the Devil in the forest, he starts to get to his senses. The psychological approach analyzes this occurrence as the emergence of the latent unconscious (Freud calls is the preconscious). I was shocked when I read that Goodman Brown resembles the Devil. "In truth, all through the haunted forest there could be nothing more frightful than the figure of Goodman Brown. On he flew among the black pines, brandishing his staff with frenzied gestures, now giving vent to an inspiration of horrid blasphemy, and now shouting forth such laughter as set all the echoes of the forest laughing like demons around him.

Descartes Free Will Essay

In Meditations on First Philosophy Descartes attempts to explain the cause of errors in human beings. Descartes says that error occurs â€Å"since the will extends further than the intellect† (Descartes p. 39). That’s because our intellect is something that is finite; it is limited to the perception of only certain things. Whereas our will, ability to choose is not limited; it is has an infinite capacity. Therefore we sometimes attempt to will things which we do not have a complete understanding of. Descartes’ argument, as I will briefly describe, is quite sound, if you agree to all his conditions (being that the intellect is limited and the will infinite). I am not, as of yet, sure if I necessarily agree to the later of his two conditions. I will strive to evaluate different discernments of what will is, and if it is truly free. Then apply it to his argument. But first let me explain Descartes’ argument on the causation of errors. Descartes’ discussion begins in saying that â€Å"errors depend on the simultaneous concurrence of two causes: the faculty of knowing that is in me and the faculty of choosing† (Descartes p. 38). I will first tackle the faculty of knowing, or intellect. Descartes says that it merely perceives and understands ideas, which can later have judgment passed on them (see Descartes p. 38). The intellect is limited and finite because it can occur in different degrees. While some people have a simple understanding of a language others have a mastery of its grammar and syntax. But no one can have a mastery of all the mysteries of the universe. Then there is the faculty of choosing, as Descartes calls it, or rather the will. Descartes says that he â€Å"experience[s] that it is limited by no boundaries whatever† (Descartes p. 38). It is seen as infinite because unlike the intellect is does to adhere to different grades. It exists merely as a matter of being able to do or not to do something; to affirm or deny something proposed by one’s intellect (see Descartes p. 38). In some cases one’s will is unable to make such a decision, Descartes says, not because of a fault in the will but rather because the intellect is lacking complete knowledge of the situation (see Descartes p. 39). It is here that one should be indifferent to passing judgment. If in such a instance indifference is not the outcome an error is most likely to occur. Descartes says that this error will occur only when both work together because alone they cannot produce error. That’s because intellect, in and of itself, only perceives ideas which one knows and error would only occur if one tried to perceive ideas he did not know, which is impossible. The other, the will, in that it acts of itself, is only a utility of choice which alone cannot error. Therefore error and sin occur when both intellect and will work with each other. It is the disproportion between the limit of the will and the intellect that causes blunders. The will, as I’ve stated, is a limitless aspect of ourselves and therefore can pass judgment on any proposition brought forth. But the intellect can only clearly perceive and understand very few propositions. As Descartes says it is where I â€Å"extend it (the will) to things I do not understand† (Descartes p. 39) that error is caused. That’s because one is, instead of acting indifferent, passing judgment on things that are not clear in the intellect. A person can easily then turn away from the good and truth given to our intellect by God and partake in sin and deceit (see Descartes p. 39). The finally area that Descartes adds is that in some instances a person can pass judgment on things that aren’t understood and not produce an error. In those cases the person has still acted in an incorrect manor, but it is just be chance that the correct choice, or judgment was made (see Descartes p. 40). It is here that I have concluded Descartes’ argument and will now attempt to seek answers to my own questions: If the will is in fact as free as Descartes speaks? If it is actually comparable to that of God’s? And if it’s ideal state is the same as that of practical use? The first aspect I would like to navigate through is the constraints placed on the ability to choose. One does not have the opportunity to choose freely in an organized society, community or institute. There seems to always be a restriction to the actual amount of choices one has. If Descartes was correct in his assumption of complete freedom of choice and will every option would be available to someone at any given time, in any given situation. But this is not necessarily the condition. There are a few different examples that one can view to comprehend this facet of my argument. Take for instance, perhaps an extreme but an occurrence none the less, people born of poverty do not have the ability to choose to acquire certain things. It is impossible simply by the fact that they do not have the means to get it. There is no choice of purchasing a fifty dollar object if all one has is twenty dollars. I feel though that perhaps Descartes was speaking of another free will, a non-materialistic aspect. Another example one can then try to explain is how in many middle eastern nations individuals are born into a society where one religion is forced upon them. They must live to follow this religion or risk outcast by the community or even death. In such a decision one does not have the opportunity to choose to not follow the religion because, although it may seem available, most choices against the norm bring with them an extreme consequences. Is there really a free will if one knows a consequence to be so evil, or heinous that they really have no choice but to go with the other option. On the other hand if Descartes was strictly speaking of free will in the sense of judgment and affirmation another option arises. One should have the ability to, in a sense, will something even if its not available to him. For example if a person has been convicted of a crime and is going to be sent to prison he can will that he doesn’t have to go. Although here is seems that willing something is almost in a way the same as wishing it. But if it does follow that free will is only involved in passing judgment then a person can will whatever they want in their own mind, it doesn’t mean necessarily that they will receive it. But one again this illustration is somewhat similar to my previous two, in that, if in actuality a choice will provide no outcome is the choice even there and if not it’s a limited faculty. The definition of limitless qualities that Descartes affiliates with the will is something that is questionable as well. Descartes, in a sense, contradicts himself when he says that he can see man’s image and likeness to God in the ability to choose because both are infinite (see Descartes p. 38). But then says that â€Å"the faculty of willing is incomparably greater in God than it is in me† because of the power and knowledge God uses with it (ibid). So I ponder then if the ability to will cannot truly stand on its on, because by Descartes definition it passes certain judgment on something else, and that something in God is greater, how can one be equal to God. How can His infinite ability be greater than man’s infinite ability. By definition there are no degrees of infinite, there is only finite or infinite, limited or limitless. In such a practical aspect I must appeal to my reason and then say that we cannot have an equal will to that of God’s. I say this because God’s willing can partake on any area of knowledge and have a boundless consequence over many things. Where as man’s cannot. As I said, that was my practical deduction of our will in comparison to God’s. I was sure to state practical because I do feel there is a great difference between one’s free will in a practical sense and an ideal sense. Actually in the practical sense I will be so bold as to say one’s will is not free at all. All the examples I have given are practical uses of the will. And all of these examples seem limited for a number of reasons. As I already pointed out, I felt that the comparison between man’s will and God will not be equal because in practice will cannot stand unaccompanied. That is why the will is not free or infinite in a realistic way because it never stands by itself. It relies on other faculties that, as Descartes even says, are limited which in turn make it limited. Therefore when people are faced with choices, like in my examples, not all the options are available because of a lack of knowledge or perhaps a constraint placed on someone from his society. If the will was able to stand alone I would agree that it is an infinite faculty but it doesn’t. Hence I must also reason that the will Descartes speaks of is not the will that can be used in practice but rather it is an ideal will. In this ideal state people would be able to will anything they wanted, although they would most likely not receive it. In an ideal state I would have been able to will that I did not have to do this paper and not receive and F on it, but I very well know that would not have been possible. But the acting of willing alone would be free and infinite. I now must apply what I have learned to Descartes’ original argument of error. Since I have concluded that the ability to choose, or will that Descartes speaks of is ideal, this causation of error would also be ideal. Descartes said that when one should be acting indifferent to things and does not is when errors or correct choices by luck occur (see Descartes p. 39). Ideally this would be true, but in actuality many things lead to errors, and prevention of errors as well. Of course I do agree that in many cases mistakes are made because of people make judgments on things they have lack of knowledge of. But errors and sin can also occur when people have no other choice. For instance if a person is held at gun point and told to do something he may very well be passing a false judgment on something he has total knowledge of and in turn acting in error. From the other side of the argument Descartes says that to prevent himself from ever erring he must follow his feeling of indifference and stick with it instead of attempting to affirm or deny something (see Descartes p. 41). But I must also add to this argument that society does place constraints on things to prevent people from committing errors. Therefore it is not entirely internal. So I will conclude with saying that I have no choice but to say, from my reasoning, that in Meditation on First Philosophy Descartes speaks of a very ideal situation which would, in that state, hold true. But in the practical world one’s perception cannot be so narrow because there are many facets that contribute to what we can do and why we can do them. Works Cited Descartes, Rene. (1993). Meditations on First Philosophy . translated by Donald A. Cress. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Corp.

A Social Psychological Analysis of The Stanford Prison...

Social psychology is an empirical science that studies how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. This field focuses on how individuals view and affect one another. Social psychology also produces the idea of construals which represent how a person perceives, comprehends or interprets the environment. Construals introduce the idea that people want to make themselves look good to others and they want to be seen as right. It is also said that the social setting in which people interact impacts behavior, which brings up the idea of behaviorism. Behaviorism is the idea that behavior is a function of the person and the environment. The ideas of social psychology mentioned above can be applied to the Stanford Prison†¦show more content†¦1). The guards themselves did not feel any guilt while enacting their behavior against the prisoners until after the experiment ended. The behavior of the guards may be related to the term of demand characteristics, which means that they acted the way they did just because they knew they were a part of a study. Zimbardo had told them how he wanted them to behave and they gave him just that. In a way the social desirability bias applies here because they were trying to conform to the â€Å"normal† idea of a prison guard. A guard who had taken on the persona of â€Å"John Wayne† believed that the experiment was not very harmful, just degrading to the prisoners. He admitted to running his own experiment throughout the course of the study by seeing how far he could push people before they would tell him to stop. In Ratensar’s article, the guard says â€Å"†¦ the other guards didn’t stop me. They seemed to join in. They were taking my lead. Not a single guard said, â€Å"I don’t think we should do this†Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 4). A social psychologist may refer to his response as effort justification. He had put effort into the study so he wanted to be able to justify his actions, and in doing so, the idea of construals can be introduced here because he is trying to make his behavior look right and in a sense, make himself look good to others. The prisoners were made to feel as if theShow MoreRelatedDr. Philip Zimbardo s The Stanford Prison Experiment 1442 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation obtained through research, regarding the Stanford Prison Experiment during the year of 1971. This case study will pay particular attention to the inmate and guard life. Background Dr. Philip Zimbardo conducted one of the most dramatic psychological experiments just to answer two questions, â€Å"What happens when you put good people in an evil place?† and â€Å"Does humanity win over evil, or does evil triumph?† The aim of the Stanford Prison Experiment was to investigate how willingly people would adjustRead MoreA Critical Review Of Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment And The Bbc Prison Study1510 Words   |  7 PagesA critical review of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment and the BBC Prison Study Introduction Tyranny is defined: an unequal social system involving the arbitrary or oppressive use of power by one group over another (Reicher Haslam, 2006). The link made between groups and tyranny has a long history in social psychology being prominent nearly 2,400 years ago with the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle believed that collective rule leads to moral irresponsibility, haphazardness and isRead MoreDo Good People Turn Evil?925 Words   |  4 PagesPeople Turn Evil?, Doctor Adam Grant suggested that researchers might have drawn the wrong conclusions from both Stanley Milgram’s â€Å"obedience† experiments, and Philip Zimbardo’s infamous Stanford Prison Experiment. Milgram’s studies focused on the conflict between one’s obedience to authority, and one’s personal conscience. He devised a series of experiments in which involved participants (ordinary males from the New Haven area), to electrocute another individual. Participants where given the roleRead MoreThe Social Pressures Of Large Group On How Individuals Think, Feel, Act And858 Words   |  4 PagesExperiment designer Solomon Asch conducted a line study in 1951 to show the social pressures of large group on how individuals think, feel, act and respond in social situations . The test had been given to a group of subjects who were asked to pick out and match line lengths. Asch’s experiment showed how easy it is to just assimilate with the majority rather than fight the current of the group and inspired many other studies that kept adding on support to his claim. Thus, the analysis of the groupthinkRead MoreStanford Prison Experiment Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pag esethical or could it be said that ones true colors would show? A group of researchers, headed by Stanford University psychologist Philip G. Zimbardo, designed and executed an unusual experiment that used a mock prison setting, with college students role-playing either as prisoners or guards to test the power of the social situation to determine psychological effects and behavior (1971). The experiment simulated a real life scenario of William Golding’s novel, â€Å"Lord of the Flies† showing a decay andRead MorePsychological Analysis On Obedience And The Stanford Prison Experiment1258 Words   |  6 Pages Psychological Analysis on Obedience What forms a person’s predisposition to act in a certain way in any given situation? Is our personality something that we are born with or does it develop over time, and furthermore once it is ‘developed’ can it be significantly influenced by our surroundings? It is something that each of us wonders as we go about our daily lives. We wish that our circumstances were different so that we could be different people. Most of the time this type of thinking, if verbalizedRead MoreThe Psychological Impact Of Imprisonment For Two Weeks1487 Words   |  6 Pagescircumstance to bring it out. In a prison, will a guard abuse their power? Or will a prisoner have a mental breakdown? In the Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo saw that when â€Å"normal† people are given too much power, they can transform into harsh oppressors within days. Although the main intent of the experiment was to test the psychological impact of imprisonment for two weeks, the findings from th is experiment were so much more: with the guards immediate gain of power and social ranking and the prisonersRead MoreSocial Psychologist Philip Zimbardo s Prison Experiment And Stanley Milgram s Obedience923 Words   |  4 Pagespeople doing bad things we assume it is because they are bad people. Social Psychologist Philip Zimbardo would argue that this isn’t true. In April 2004 disturbing and graphic pictures surfaced, showing American soldiers mentally and physically abusing Iraqi prisoners held at the Abu Ghraib prison located in Bagdad. Looking at the photos that was surfaced, it looks strikingly familiar to those in the Stanford prison experiment that was done many years ago. The prisoners had bags over their headsRead MoreSocial Psychological Explanations For The Emergence Of Public Disorder1287 Words   |  6 PagesIdentify and describe social psychological explanations for the emergence of public disorder. Public disorder can be defined as any behavioural act in the public eye that goes against societal norms. This may be an act of an individual or from members of a larger group. Gustave le Bon (1895) categorises a group or â€Å"crowd† as those possessing characteristics including â€Å"impulsiveness, irritability, incapacity to reason, the absence of judgement and of the critical spirit, the exaggeration of theRead MoreMilgram s Experiment Of Obedience Authority, Known As The Shock Experiment1911 Words   |  8 PagesPhilip G. Zimbardo, a social psychologist, presented a classic psychology research in the situational effects on human behaviour. This explains how situations can modify an individual to act in ways they would not have acted before. Zimbardo highlights that a person are seduced into evil by dehumanising and labelling others; and notes that an individual who has a sense of anonymity increases their aggression, such as wearing a uniform or a mask. The Stanford prison experiment, which Zimbardo conducted

Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) Essay - 1193 Words

â€Å"Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an organization that focuses on the recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in an organization† (Heathfield ?). HRM is focused on how to make the company better with the help of the employees. â€Å"The HRM department members provide the knowledge, necessary tools, training, administrative services, coaching, legal and management advice, and talent management oversight that the rest of the organization needs for successful operation† (Heathfield). Human Resource Management can have a successful impact on organizational performance by having a good employee selection, reducing discrimination in the workplace, and having good employee retention. â€Å"Employee selection is the process of interviewing and evaluating the candidates for a specific job and selecting and individual for employment based on certain criteria† (Employee Selection). Selecting employees that co ntribute well to the organization will help the organization succeed. Hiring the right person for the job is crucial. Before offering employment to anyone there are certain steps to take. The future employee of the company should have the right skills and job qualifications. â€Å"Good human resource management starts with hiring good employees† (HR Management). â€Å"Pre-employment screening is an essential part of any successful hiring process† (HR Mangaement). Having a pre-employment screening can reduce the risk of potentiallyShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1508 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Human resource management (HRM) is the managing of human skills and talents to make sure they are used effectively and in alignment with an organization’s goals† (Youssef, 2012). The primary role of human resource management is to plan, develop, and order policies and programmers designed to make prompt use of an organization’s human resource s. It is that part of management which is concerned with the people at work and with their relationship within an organization. I currently work for a HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1552 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an association that has emphases on the employment of, administration of, and providing direction for the employees within an organization. The Human Resource Management department members deliver knowledge, training, tools, administrative services, and lawful and organization advice. The HRM department is organized by very talented managers who has a mission to make sure the rest of the business has the needs for successful operation. HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1562 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource management (HRM) is an important strategic and systematic approach that provides each company with the opportunity to create policies and practices, as well as to establish administrative forms (Pfeffer, 2007). According to Armstrong (2009) HRM is an approach that deals with ‘employment, development, and well-being of the people working in organizations’. However HRM has evolved significantly through the years due to the rapid social, economic, political and environmental changes.Read MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1142 Words   |  5 Pageshe HRM Process Human Resource Management (HRM) is a combination of elements that work interdependently on each other to carry out the daily functions within an organization. Human Resources Management operates in several roles serving as a liaison between the organization and the employee. This dual role often present challenges within HRM; therefore it is vital the HRM Department is skilled on various issues that may arise on a daily basis within an organization. In this paper, I will discussRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1105 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an association that has emphases on the employment of, administration of, and providing direction for the employees within an organization. The Human Resource Management department members deliver knowledge, training, tools, administrative services, and lawful and organization advice. The HRM department is organized by very talented managers who has a mission to make sure the rest o f the business has the needs for successful operation. HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Hrm772 Words   |  4 Pagesa brief description of the models of HRM discussed in the first chapter of the textbook, and explain how each one relates to strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management (HRM) at its best seeks to manage people and resources to maximize economic and social outputs. Social output resulting from providing opportunity for advancement will ultimately make employees become true participants in the company. Bratton and Gold (2012) outline six HRM models, they are: the Forbrum, TichyRead MoreHrm And The And Human Resource Management1094 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The main purpose to write this essay is to analogize the differences in the field of HRM and IR. The Foundation of Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management is based on intense academic study. The essay is an endeavor to illustrate by scrutinizing their objectives and the viewpoints or the approaches of this field. The first part of the essay is an attempt to define HRM and IR and it further continues to explain the differences and similarities between the two. In the lastRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1405 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) seeks to manage people and resources to maximize economic and social outputs. Bratton and Gold (2012) outline six HRM models which include: the Forbrum, Tichy and Devanna model, the Harvard model, the Guest model, the Warwick model, The Storey model, and Ulrich’s Strategic Partner model of HRM. Forbrum Tichy and Devanna model of HRM is based on the principle of selecting, appraising, developing and rewarding employees who fulfill management strategic business interestsRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )2412 Words   |  10 Pages these human traits can bring considerable benefits to organizations† (Mullins 1999). However, when managed poorly they have the potential to limit organizational growth and threaten the viability of a business. â€Å"There are countless examples of corporate and project crises in the construction sector which have arisen as the result of people s behaviour, and it would seem that human resource management (HRM) has the potential to eliminate more construction risks than any other management approach†Read MoreHuman Resources Management ( Hrm ) Essay794 Words   |  4 Pages Human Resources Management (HRM) is people who work in an organization. The manager is a person who manages people, leads, facilitates and provide tools for the organization. Human resources management also, sets strategic processes and procedures, run difficult and complex communication as the organization attracts the best talents from the recruiting process. Human resources management is where everything begins and ends for an individual and the organization. Consequently

Movie As Good As It Gets Directed By James L. Brooks

When I finished watching the movie As Good as It Gets directed by James L. Brooks, and reading the article Perceived Functions Of Worry Among Generalized Anxiety Disorder Subjects: Distraction From More Emotionally Distressing Topics? By T.D Borkovec and Lizabeth Roemer, I noticed many issues that were raised. The movie raises the issue of how individuals are supposed to function with disorders, like obsessive compulsive disorder, along with how their loved ones are to deal with the disorder as well. The article raises the issue of individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and how they deal with worry. In the article T.D Borkovec and Lizabeth Roemer state that â€Å"Informal questioning of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) clients during a therapy outcome investigation revealed six commonly offered reasons for why they worried, and these included both potentially adaptive and maladaptive functions: (a) motivation to get tasks done, (b) general problem-solving, (c) preparation for the worst, (d) planning ways to avoid negative events, (e) distraction from more emotional thoughts, and (f) superstitious effects on the perceived likelihood of future events.† When I think about this, I think about how these individuals are trying to function normally in their everyday lives, but they cannot because of constant worrying. Some worrying is normal, but when it affects every day functioning it becomes a problem. It does not only become a problem for the person living with it,Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Life and Legend of Howard Hughes3925 Words   |  16 Pagesmotion-picture produ cer combined with his enormous wealth, intellect, and achievement. The media thrived on Howard’s unusual and sometimes scandalous life, especially in his later years when newspapers would frequently front large amounts of money to get stories on Hughes. Howard was also associated with what has been called one of the greatest publishing hoaxes in history. Howard Hughes Sr., commonly known as Big Howard, was a graduate of the Harvard School of Law, yet never once appeared before aRead MoreHerbert Spencer Essay13142 Words   |  53 PagesSpencers work which established sociology as a separate, legitimate field in its own right. 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Complaint Traveller Regarding Long Distance-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Complaint Traveller Regarding Long Distance? Answer: Introduction Smart car system will highly resolve many of the complaint traveler faces regarding long distance travel and the wasted time while driving daily to their daily activities [1]. Intelligent transportation system differs in technologies used from rudimentary control system like traffic signal management system, car navigation. There are some technologies which are put in place to help achieve this concept of smart cars. Wireless communication. Different forms of wireless communication have been anticipated for these smart car system. Ultra High Frequency and very high frequency are fully adopted for a long and short range within the smart car systems [2]. Short range communication is of about 350 m and it can be accomplished by the help of dedicated short Range communications ethics being supported by some societies like Intelligent Transportation Society of America. For long range wireless communication, it is have been anticipated using infrastructure networks like WiMAX, 3 G, Global system for mobile communication ( GSM) [3]. Computational technologies [1]. The current improvements in vehicle electronics have made move headed for many accomplished computer processors on a car. A prototype car in early years of 2000 had between 20 and 100 individual microcontroller or even PLC (programmable Logic Control) having no real time OS ( operating system). Sensing technology. (Bluetooth detection, Audio detection and information fusion from several traffic modalities). Intelligent transportation vehicle system will change and help in several ways in the transportation sector in the world [3]. Some of this advantage which this smart car will offer are; autonomous driving where the car will be programmed to enable it to drive by itself in highways, Internet connectivity where the owners of the vehicles are connected to their own cars can the owners can track their cars in case of theft. With the smart cars, the drivers are assured of the assisted driving where the camera on the car will show the driver when he or she is drifting out of the road. These smart cars are installed with Infotainment System where the drivers are able to connect their cars to their smart mobile phone and play music and use the internet connectivity for browsing. This Infotainment Systems will enable the user to use their app on their cars display like weather apps, streaming apps among other which will inform and entertain the driver as he drives in the highways [6]. These cars will also help in ensuring the security of the car. Such cars are installed with Biometrics having devices which allow only the fingerprint of the owner, heartbeat of the owner, eye-scanner which the owner will employ to enable him or her open the doors of his or car doors. Having these smart cars maketing traveling comfortable and simple, as it can even enable children to be driven to school alone to schools without being accompanied by their parents [3]. Using the smart cars traffic accidents will highly be educed as there will be communication between cars (vehicle to- vehicle communication) [7]. To fully ensure that accidents are fully reduced on the road, the following are some of the safety applications which are used in conjunction with vehicle-to-to vehicle communication; Risky location caution: obstacle detection, accidents reporting. Favoring ambulances, police cars and fire trucks Cautions on arriving intersections. Abrupt stop cautions: forward accident caution, pre-crash sensing or Traffic efficiency employs the scenarios of those which are set to advance the efficiency of the conveyance network by giving info to the drivers of the vehicles [8]. The vehicle gives information on; Viable speed limit Intelligent inspections Promotes Route Navigation and Guidance Merging Assistance. In the diagram below shows coordination of vehicle while moving on the road, Related Work In recent years, some companies and industries have tried to develop smart cars having vehicle-to-vehicle communication but they havent exhausted the technology to enable them attain higher efficiency. In the US, smart cars are already being worked on by an engineer known as Daimler Chrysler due to the cost of gas which is relatively high [9]. But in many parts of Europe, these cars are already in place. The cars are big in the economy but small in stature. The concept of the smart car (vehicle-to-vehicle communication) was developed by Hayek [10]. He wanted to come up with a small car which is environmentally friendly, easy to pack, to reduce accident and to reduce traffic congestion. The actual development of this smart car began in the year 1994, but it was first revealed in 1997 at Frankfurt Motor show by a company known as Micro compact Car, popularly known as MCC. This company made a full concept of the vehicle to- vehicle communication which is the backbone of this cars operat ion [11]. The car-to-car or sometimes known as vehicle to- vehicle has a good communication between a car and car just as the name shows. This is achieved by fully adopting telecommunication concepts and also by the use of services like the WLAN, LAN, GMS among others. Countries are highly adopting the use of the smart cars and in the few years, most countries will fully adopt the use of the smart cars [12]. Micro compact Car Company made a good use of handheld devices like tablets and smartphone by synchronizing them to these smart cars which then enables them to control the management of their cars [13]. This Micro compact Car Company heavily give weight to the communication which is between the car and a car to enable reduce several accidents which occur on the road. These accidents always occur because of miscommunication that exists between the cars [14]. But with these communication features installed in these cars, a car can communicate effectively with another car, the car will also ensure that it keeps on its track, this is aided by the installed camera on each smart car so that if the car wants to overtake at unsuitable position then the driver will not be allowed to do such things, therefore, reduces the chances of accidents. Wireless communication is the core operation of the smart cars, the well-known wireless networks employed by smart car are UMTS, LAN, and WLAN Peer-to-peer provides a communication between two nodes (between a car and a car) which are in a single loop. In peer-to-peer network traffic is of a great importance that the Micro compact Car looked into keenly as it helps to reduce this problematic scenario. For the peer-to-peer, the company ensures that for the two cars which are peered are installed with wireless communication components to make the communication possible between the cars. In some cases, these smart cars can peer to every car around where the car will be able to receive the ``heartbeat`` message of the car which is next to it [15]. Even if the two cars are not in the vicinity the drivers will be receiving information of each other cars information. With these messages received on the car dashboard, the driver will be aware of the availability of the car around and he or s he will be notified of the car size and the speed on which is moving. The shared messages are referred to as ``heartbeat`` messages because the messages being received are consistently being exchanged with the vehicles which are nearby. These periodic `` heartbeat`` messages shared between vehicles will provide very vital information of the vehicle between the nearby vehicles, this information includes; Time Longitude Latitude Temporary ID Heading Vehicle size Steering Wheel Angle Transmission and speed Positional Accuracy size of the vehicle the vehicles acceleration Elevation Other very vital messages which are shared between vehicles nearby may include; Message Common safety request. This is employed when a vehicle is partaking to the interchange of the straightforward message which makes a particular request to other vehicles for additional details needed by safety application[15]. The message of vehicle data. Such message has status details regarding the vehicle to activate its applications scrutinize the commuting condition on road sections. Messages of generic transfer. This gives a basic platform or means to interchange information or data across vehicle to-infrastructure interface. The message of emergency vehicle alert. This message helps to broadcast all dangers which surround the vehicle at or beyond the vicinity of the drivers. The message of A la carte. This message constitutes elements obtained by sender and allowing for flexible exchange of data. The diagram below shows clearly how this peer-to-peer communication operations. This is what the Micro compact Car Company fully based their concept on the operation of their smart cars [16]. Even though Micro compact Car Company identified several advantages of these smart cars but they face some challenges still. The wireless services are very expensive to buy, install and service in these smart cars. The cost may greatly hinder the full adoption of these smart cars. Also, the controllers which are used here (model view controller (MVPs)) are not easy to service [17]. There is also fear that the smart cars may be hacked since they are computerized. Problem Formulation The smart vehicles have wireless devices like WLAN, GPS others which enable them to communicate with each other by passing data within the nearby vehicles to help avoid accidence which may occur if there is miscommunication within the drivers. Vehicle-to-vehicle are designed to communicate between the car and car and also car and other objects in real time The information received help the drivers on security information like accidents and theft warnings [18] Challenges in solving the coordination problem There are some challenges which these smart cars face, these challenges are discussed below; Control Challenges The smart cars are designed to communicate effectively with the nearby car through what is known as Vehicle- to-vehicle communication or in some cases V2V. But in some cases there may be problems developed in the system which will hence interfere with smooth communication between the nearby vehicles. Therefore, there must be some control measure put to ensure that these challenges are dealt with to ensure the effective operation of the smart cars. The below diagram below illustrates the communication network for the vehicle-to-vehicle communication [19]. Formula 1: Formula for calculating communication network for the vehicle-to-vehicle communication. (David, 2014) Where; Dw = windows distance ( the whole distance between the nearby vehicles ), V = Velocity of moving vehicle , a= Acceleration of the moving car ,L= Length of the moving vehicle, Ds = windows distance (the shortest distance between the nearby vehicle The most vehicle to vehicle control for communication challenges is: Congestion vs awareness control. This basically is composed of the congestion control and awareness control which may involve the car while on the road [12]. This control measure is further explained below. Congestion control: This control is put in place for the smart vehicles to ensure that there is a stable operation of this vehicle while on the road. When this control is put on the smart cars, the car will respond effectively to the congestion and if possible avoid the route which has the congestion. Awareness Control. This control type is put on the smart cars to aim at proficiently making sure that each and every vehicles ability to detect and also to communicate to the appropriate cars in their local neighborhood[20] Communication Challenges Communication between vehicles in the road has a very important positive effect. This communication has promoted safety and elimination of the too much cost of traffic collision which in most cases results in a road accident causing the death of people [21]. According to World Health Organization, road accident has been killing about 1.2 million of people per year. This car to car communication will also help to manage the speed of vehicles since the police officers will be able to notice the speed of the public service vehicle hence further reduce the deaths on road. Car to car communication will also enable the drivers to fathom if there are car hijacker around from the information shared like the Temporary ID, Heading, and Vehicle size among which will help every driver to know who is around them [22]. However, car to car has some serious positive effects but it has some negative effects as well. These cars are highly affected to advance weather conditions for instance, the laser sensors put on the roof of the cars cannot when they are rained on. These cars are likely to be hacked since they are basically operating on software. Sensing Challenges These smart cars greatly operate on the software which are having laser sensors on top of their roof, these sensors help them to enable communication by passing information to nearby cars. So if these sensors are installed in a car, there will be effective transfer and exchange of information between nearby cars. Sensing the availability of another car, its speed among its other features has greatly helped to reduce road accidents, this is true since the driver can obtain the information of the nearby vehicles therefore they can avoid the high speed vehicles. A smart car without sensor will not be able to detect and pass information between it and another nearby car, the nearby car with the sensor is able to obtain its information Vehicles with sensors have some advantages like reduced traffic collision which may result in the accident. These collisions are highly reduced because the vehicle is able to communicate with one another and this has highly reduced the accident in places where they are employed [24]. But these cars with sensors face some problems as well, these cars cannot operate if the sensor is rained on, therefore it highly affected by advanced weather conditions like rainfall [25]. Those smart cars without sensors face disadvantages, for example, they can be highly affected by the traffic congestion which may result in traffic collision and accidents. But even if they are faced with such disadvantages still they possess some special advantages over those with sensors, these cars cannot be affected by advanced weather like heavy rainfall. Solving The Coordination Problem Rule Base Solution For the smart cars, the Rule base is set of rules which control what should and what should not pass through the firewall installed in this car. This rule operates in two different ways, one of the most common ways is this rule can presume that all traffic is allowed unless there is a rule set aside to avoid this. The other way is to presume that there is no traffic to be allowed to flow via it unless there is an explicit rule to allow it happen. This rule entails the specific time communication which is very useful in smart car operation. This kind of communication enables manipulation and store of knowledge to enables interpretation in a very crucial way. The communication content here is the nature of the traffic on the road and this is secured by the use of the firewalls installed on these vehicles. The common response for the car drivers in this is basically the presence of the traffic which will make the driver avoid such routes and choose another traffic congestion free routes [4]. Rule base makes an appropriate decision for the car by itself since they contain some artificial Intelligent. Optimization Based Solution Routing of the vehicle and its scheduling with time window constraints is expressed as an integer which is mixed with some programs and optimization based solution that is related to route second algorithm. These algorithms will enable the vehicle to make some crucial decision during its movements. The vehicle will be able to detect the obstacle and even traffic congestion and avoids them [27]. For the algorithms the intelligent transport system there is a diversified application for the dynamic vehicle routing problems of the vehicle. Dynamic vehicle routing problems are expressed as [28]. Dynamic vehicle routing = Where; Ns is given by {n0, n1,n3, ..nn}, this shows the set of nodes. Cs = { (Ni, NJ ), ni, nj ? Ns where I j ) this shows the set of connection Cm= Cm(I,j) (ni,nj) ?Cs this shows the communication cost matrix. The total user time can be calculated, the model basically constitutes two sections. The information user time model is as below; Formula 2: For calculating total user time (Wang. F, 2013 ) Where; K= Average time of pedestrian as compared to a passenger car, V (i) =Vehicle adjusted volume in group i lane, Dv (i) = Relative delay per passenger car in group i lane, Nv = Relative car occupancy per passenger car, Dp(m) = Relative delay per pedestrian in the crossing direction, TDp= total pedestrian delay in the analysis time, UT= Total user time in the analysis period, T= Time taken for the analysis period Strategies for flexible coordination for vehicles enables communication of vehicle the use of the algorithms [4]. These strategies enable the car to effectively communicate with both infrastructure and other vehicles. In order to link vehicles the flexibility in demand Side management is highly crucial. These are achieved by strategies highlighted below. Flint MTA (Metropolitan Transportation Authority) Metropolitan Transportation Authority provides an effective communication. This strategy ensures pedestrians movements easily without being knocked by the congested moving vehicles. The service is synchronized to the general public service [29]. Coalition Building This strategy put around the commuting issues in a very efficient issue way to enable avoiding the coalitions which may occur between the vehicles and the building. The algorithm is installed in the smart cars to fully execute this operation [27]. Michigan Nontraditional Vanpool Program This strategy gives insight into the approaches which have promoted the coordination of transportation of vehicles on the road, be it for passengers or for the one carrying luggage. This coordination will hence ensure that there is an effective communication by the help of the algorithm to reduce as much as possible the collision of these vehicles on the road [8]. Conclusion Smart cars will highly change and improve the transport sector by managing effective communication between vehicle to vehicle and also a vehicle to infrastructure. This effective communication will ensure that collision of vehicles on the road are highly reduced hence reducing the chances of accidents which may occur due to the collision. The sharing of information between the nearby vehicles helps the drivers to access the information of each others vehicle thus boosting the security and reducing the occurrences of accidence on the road. References F.-Y. Wang, Advanced Motion Control and Sensing for Intelligent Vehicles, Hongkong : Springer, 2013. (https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387444079 ) Rajamani, Vehicle Dynamics and Control, Tokyo : Springer Science, 2013. (https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781461414322 Payam,B, Smart Sensing and Context,Manchester: Springer science,2012 hihttps://books.google.co.ke/books?id=_WoRYigHrYoCdq=smart+cars+books+from+springersource=gbs_navlinks Shi, Autonomous Rock Excavation: Intelligent Control Techniques and Experimentation, Tokyo: Springer , 2014. (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-22879-2 Hseyin Abut, Digital Signal Processing for In-Vehicle Systems and Safety, Tokyo: Springer,2011 (https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=q_LOfPHmFSMCdq=smart+cars+books+from+springersource=gbs_navlinks_s) Chen, Advances in Intelligent Vehicles, Naples: Springer, 2015 (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-81-322-2674-1_58) Haug, Concurrent Engineering: Tools and Technologies for Mechanical System Design, Napoli : springer, 2014. (https://www.springer.com/la/book/9783642781216) Amoson, Proceedings of the International Conference on Business management in Intelligent System and Contro, Bologna: Spriner , 2013.( https://www.springer.com/la/book/978981101707 Shangguang Wang, Internet of Vehicles Technologies and Services, Ottawa:Springer,2011 (https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=lLTzDQAAQBAJdq=smart+cars+books+from+springersource=gbs_navlin Gerhard Schmidt, Smart Mobile In-Vehicle Systems: Next Generation Advancements, Berlin: Springer, 2013 (https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=sIK8BAAAQBAJdq=smart+cars+books+from+springersource=gbs_navlinks_ Schwartz, Street Smart: The Rise of Cities and the Fall of Cars, Ichinomiya: IEEE, 2014. (https://www.amazon.com/Street-Smart-Rise-Cities-Fall/dp/1610395646) Fumio Harashima, Intelligent Vehicle Technologies: Theory and Applications,Berlin:IEEE,2012 (https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=oL6M0U3QEacCdq=smart+cars+books+from+IEEEsource=gbs_navl P. Varaiya, Smart Cars on Smart Roads - Problems of Control, Handa: IEEE , 1993 (https://www.dcsc.tudelft.nl/~bdeschutter/pub/rep/07_013.pdf) Madhavan, Intelligent Vehicle Systems: A 4D/RCS Approach, Okazaki: Springer , 2015 (https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewFile/1881/1779) Eskandarian, Handbook of Intelligent Vehicles, Hekinan: Springer, 2012(https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780857290847) kala, On-Road Intelligent Vehicles: Motion Planning for Intelligent Transportation Systems, Toyohashi: Springer, 2013 Bishop, Intelligent Vehicle Technology and Trends, Hull: IEEE, 2013 (https://us.artechhouse.com/Intelligent-Vehicle-Technology-and-Trends-P1714.aspx) R. Ms, Mechatronics and Intelligent Systems for Off-road Vehicles, Rome: Springer, 2013 (https://www.springer.com/la/book/9781849964678) Cao, Image Processing for Collision Avoidance in Intelligent Vehicle Systems, Manchester : Springer, 20 Yaobin Chen, Advances in Intelligent Vehicles, Palemo : Springer , 2015(https://anglaollerd6xry3w.ga/Advances-in-Intelligent-Vehicles